Last night, I watched a film called "Who Killed the Electric Car". Both hopeful and depressing, the film follows the development of a battery electric car, the EV1, by GM in the 1990s after the California Air Resourses Board passed a mandate requiring a decrease in emissions.
This site includes a wonderful introduction to the movie, as well as links to interesting facts about electric cars and some of these alternatives. It is well worth spending a few minutes.
Hundreds of electric cars (GM's EV1 is featured in the movie) were made and leased. Meanwhile, Toyota and Honda made their own versions. These little cars had great pickup, no emissions, and a range of about 80 miles on a charge, making them perfect for commuters with limited travel distances.
The movie starts with a funeral for a dead EV1, then rounds up the usual suspects and tries, amidst all the fingerpointing, to determine who was responsible for the demise of the car. Some are found guilty, some are found innocent.
One finger poits at the California Air Resources Board, which caved in under lawsuits from oil companies, automakers and the government (not only is oil influential in the Bush administration, but auto companies as well (Bush, Cheney, Rice and Andrew Card were all executives of oil or automobile companies.)
The Bush administration has been busily pushing a hydrogen fuel cell car, (as have the car manufactureres and oil companies. They know this technology is at least 20 years from being usable in a commuter market, giving these companies companies twenty more years of record profits. And of course they have given record tax incentives to people who purchase large trucks and SUVs.
How about the oil companies: of course they were guilty. An electric car could only hurt their fat bottom line and they responded with suits. Never mind what the oil industry is doing to the environment in this country, and to stability in the whole world.
Car manufacturers: They made this car under duress...pressure from the California Air Resources Board. They leased the EV1 only, allowing GM to take them all back when the time came. The time came the minute the CARB changed the regulations. Even as they were taking back the EV1, GM was releasing the Hummer!
The car manufacturers claim they took the cars off the market because there was no interest. They claim that people want power and range and size...the bigger the better. However, most people did not know about these cars or that they were available. So the advertising was not widespread. And apparently what advertising they did was emphasized the drawbacks of the vehicles. Despite that people who owned them loved them and hated having them taken away. Car manufacturers know how to sell vehicles and make vehicles sexy. This little car appealed to a lot of people. It is very unlikely that it was pulled because it was not marketable.
The car companies blamed the limited range of the car battery, but the film demonstrated that by the time the car was pulled, battery technology had advanced to allow a range of 110 to 160 miles, and they were working on one with a range of 300 miles for the EV1. As these advanced batteries were developed, their patents were bought up by the big oil companies...
I could envision either a fast charge for a car battery at 300 miles, as you stop for a meal. It is very likely that rapid-charge batteries would soon be available. The technology was smothered.
Another point made in the movie was that when you took an electric car in for maintenance, it meant that the tires were rotated and the fluids were topped off. The battery itself had no moving parts, and would outlast the life of the car. So there was little money to be made in maintenance and repairs.
So many of the accused were deemed guilty: the consumer, the oil companies, the car companies, the government, the California Air Resources Board.
What is most shocking is that a company could develop such a successful, groundbreaking product (with such potential that Toyota and Honda immediately countered with their own versions, which they also withdrew after the demise of the EV1), and then coldbloodedly kill it.
Perhaps the EV1 was born a decade too early. Today, with burgeoning awareness and concern about greenhouse gases and global warming, with people clammoring for more environmentally friendly vehicles, that these companies are going to be forced to come up with more fuel-efficient vehicles, and alternatives to what the American car manufacturers offer. President Carter passed legislation to improve fuel economy, but the minute car manufacturers reached the goal, they leveled off, making no further headway in efficiency, while Japanese car makers continued to improve technology so that today their cars get significantly more gas mileage than do American cars. Any headway made by the Carter administration was later gutted by the Reagan and Bush administrations.
Here's Wikipedia's take on "Who Killed the Electric Car", if you want more detail and links.
Now is the time for people to demand more efficient vehicles, to require a chance to get out from under dependency on foreign (or domestic) oil, and to find ways to decrease our carbon footprint. Hopefully all these issues together will reach a critical mass and make big oil, our government, the auto industry and our people develop and accept such technology. Pronto. We know the EV1 technology is there, unless they destroyed all the design work when the crushed all those new electric cars.
[Image from the Sydney Morning Herald]
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